The Process of Memory Reconsolidation - 1581 Words

In recent years, much debate and research has occurred over the process of memory reconsolidation. Understanding the processes that underlie memory formation retrieval and storage is key to understanding and guiding treatment for patients with conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder. This essay discusses the processes of consolidation and how that impacts on reconsolidation and the implications of this knowledge on patients suffering posttraumatic stress disorder. Much psychological research suggests that new memories require time to stabilize and transfer to long-term memory and that these newly acquired memories are disposed to to interference by competing stimuli. Memory consolidation is the processes involved in the stabilization of a long-term memory after it’s initial acquisition (Dudai, 2004). Consolidation is described by two distinct theories: synaptic consolidation, which transpires in the first few hours after learning and systems learning where memories are stabilized over a period of weeks to years (Dudai, 2004). Synaptic consolidation suggests that memory can exists in two ways, short term and long term. Short term memories must either transfer to long term memory or be lost (Bramham Messaoudi, 2005). Synaptic consolidation occurs quickly, in the first few hours following the encoding of a new stimulus (Bramham Messaoudi, 2005). Reverberating neural activity in closed circuits allows memories of new experiences to be stored in the short termShow MoreRelatedThe Curent Understanding of the Neurobiology of Memory Reconsolidation and Its Implications for Psychology1863 Words   |  7 Pagesneurobiology of memory reconsolidation and its implications for psychology. This paper will specifically focus on the molecular mechanisms of reconsolidation and research relating to fear memories and using propranolol and D-cycloserine as a treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory consolidation is the process by which memories are stabilised after being acquired. Consolidation studies have trad itionally focused on the hippocampus and systems consolidation, where short term memories become longRead MoreUnderlying Neurobiological Processes1706 Words   |  7 Pagesin the literature that memories can generally be defined in terms of time (Nader, Schafe LeDoux, 2000). Memory is sensitive to disruption soon after learning as it is in a labile state of short-term memory (STM). Conversely, memory enters a stable form and is less sensitive to such disruptions in long-term memory (LTM) at a later stage after learning (Nader et al.). Research has argued that the process in which labile new memories transform into stable long-lasting memories is known as consolidationRead MoreThe Theory of Reconsolidation753 Words   |  3 PagesTheory of Reconsolidation - What is it and how can it impact on our lives? Learning is a very important aspect of humans and creatures alike. Not only is it essential to the survival and adaption into this world but it also defines who we are as individuals (Schiller et al, 2010; Tronson Taylor, 2007). Memories from past experiences shape the people that we are today. A crucial element to learning is memory, without it we would not be able to retain information. The process of memory is very distinctRead MoreThe Function Of A Memory1422 Words   |  6 Pagescapacity to form memory in face of stressful stimuli is an essential adaptive behaviour that enables organisms to respond rapidly and effectively to similar demands1. The stress response is largely mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) coupled with the release of catecholamines through adrenergic neural discharges1. These physiological mechanisms activate downstream pathways that stimulate metabotropic alterations in neural networks, resulting in long-term memory formation1.R ead MoreThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and strengthen the memory trace, a process known as memory reconsolidation. Memories retrieved are thought to increase their stability once they undergo the process of consolidation. Retrieval of a memory trace may cause another liable phase to require more processing to keep the memory stable after retrieval; the brain systemically acquires cellular mechanisms to initiate a new round of protein synthesis thatRead MoreTaking a Look at Memory Consolidation1464 Words   |  6 Pagespreviously heralded definition of memory consolidation, an influx of research addressing various theories of; consolidation, reconsolidation and potential clinical implications have surfaced. This essay aims to conglomerate the current understanding of memory reconsolidation, furthermore addressi ng the resonance upon clinical psychology. Neuroscience widely recognised that memories undertake the process of consolidation (Nader Einarsson, 2010). When memories are nascent, they are prone to interferenceRead MoreThe Importance Of Protein Degradation783 Words   |  4 Pages(UPS) and the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term fear memories. This research was necessary because, while research had been done linking protein degradation to synaptic plasticity, no study had been performed to analyze the role of UPS in the amygdala, where long-term fear memories are believed to be stored. Additionally, prior research had led to conflicting reports of the importance of protein degradation in consolidation as opposed to reconsolidation, which the authors intended toRead MoreThe Accuracy Of An Individual s Memory1506 Words   |  7 Pagesreconstructive memory where we piece together bits of stored information that seems real and accurate. The accuracy of an individual’s memory comes into question as it could lea d to wrongful conviction. Some factors affecting accuracy of eyewitness reports include confirmation bias, misinformation effect and influence of violence and anxiety. The first part of the essay will explain these factors; the second part will discuss the ability to retrieve information from our long-term memory. EyewitnessRead MoreEssay about How Essential Is Memory to Us?934 Words   |  4 PagesEssay How essential is memory to us? Why is this term highly verifying to people in the world? Memory is a being’s power to remember things and retain information from the past. Human beings are encountered by this process of remembrance for eternity- throughout their lifetime. It is a key element for an individual, which doesn’t have an authentic origin. Memories can be portrayed in many unique ways, such as emotionally, spiritually or mentally. A person may have memories of dead loved ones, childhood;Read MoreThe Standardized Extract Of Ginkgo Biloba761 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluencing cellular mechanisms hidden behind these multiple effects (Walesiuk and Braszko, 2007). There are many elements that represent emotional experiences, like excitement or stress duration, intensity and chronicity, known to influence severely on memory and cognition (Lupien et al., 2007). Stress occurs during hazardous conditions and activates the sympathetic nervous system which causes immediate fight and flight response by releasing epinephrine and nor epinephrine, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal

The Concept of Power in International Politics Essay

The concept of power is central to the study of international politics. International politics has been defined in terms of influencing major nations in the world to advance the purpose of a nation against the opposition of other nations. Thus, it is rather not surprising that power, either by means of influence or control, has been a dominant concept that is intertwined in discussion when it comes to the study of international politics. Before getting into the fundamental nature of power in international relations, it is needed to consider just what power is. Power in the study of international politics can be derived in several ways as a goal of states or individual; as a measure of influence or control over actors, events, outcomes, and†¦show more content†¦For the orthodox realists, the aspiration to seek power is derived from the combination of human nature, which is inherently self-centred and logical, and certain historical circumstances that turn international anarch y into the present state of affairs between nations. Human nature is controlled by the means of law and it is regulated by the governing bodies; since there is no world government, states can only be controlled by the power of other states. Consequently for the realist, a balance of power is the condition to establish stability and peace. Balance of power requires nations possessing relatively equal military, financial, and political influence and liberty of action. Since every nation has comparable means, none has the power to successfully control the others. This reduces the likelihood of violence and disagreement as there is a lot to risk in engaging in war with a state that is an equal power. This contrasts with a situation in which a very powerful state deals with a weaker state, victory appears more guaranteed to the powerful country and hence forceful action is more appealing as a way to defend a states’ interests. The prime example of this scenario is the Gaza Strip, where the Israeli government, which is a more powerful state, imposing its military might against Palestine,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Concept of Power in International Politics1578 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Distinction of Mind from Body Using the arguments from doubt, from clear and distinct perceptions, and from simplicity, Descartes attempts to prove in â€Å"The Meditations† that the mind is distinct and separate from the body. This view is now known as Cartesian Dualism. In this essay I will outline Descartes’ main arguments, some of the criticisms of dualism, and my opinion as to which argument I perceive as the most convincing. The first argument in Cartesian Dualism isRead MoreThe Theory Of International Relations1402 Words   |  6 Pagesare different theory of how international relations should operate, such as Liberalism, Realism, Marxism, Constructivism, the English school often called the international society, Feminism, Green theory, Hegemonic stability theory, Postmodernism and Post colonialism. This essay will be focus on realism and how relevant the realist perspective is in the 21st century international relations. Historically, Realism is the most important approach to discipline of international relations (Nicholson, 2002)Read MoreA Brief Assignment On International Organizations944 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizations 7/25/15 Midterm Assignment It is common knowledge that throughout history, international organizations have played a large role in politics. Becoming a member of a large international organization such as NATO or the European Union has become a sign of success and prosperity for newer, less established state entities. And while there are definitely some sacrifices that come with becoming a part of an international organization, there are also many positive benefits that have been determined toRead MoreInternational Security And International Law Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesInternational security studies offer several concepts to facilitate comprehension of the complex international order. 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It is largely accepted that the sovereign holds the ultimate power. However there are critics that argue that due to sovereignty being intrinsic to democracy, the ultimate power lies withRead MoreWhy Has Marxism Been Neglected For International Relations?977 Words   |  4 PagesWhy has Marxism been neglected in International Relations? One of the major reasons why Marxism has generally been neglected in International Relations is due to the scarcity of Marxist writing that is specifically focused on this subject. However, it can be argued that due to this paucity of material, Marxist theory has nothing of substantial value to offer with regards to international relations. Non- Marxists argue that the concepts in Marx’s analysis of capitalist production; class, labor, exchangeRead MoreMedia Representation of the Rwandan Genocide1202 Words   |  5 Pagesrelation to texts, language and modes of interpretation is because it is through these practices that ideas about International Relations are produced’. Through the media coverage on the Rwanda Genocide I investigate how a lack of representation can limit the study and practice of International Relations. Alan Kuperman (2000) presented the argument that ‘Western media blame the international community for not intervening quickly, but the media must share blame for not immediately recognizing the extentRead MoreHans Morgenthau Defensive Realism Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction The field of International Security Studies has evolved from the discipline of International Relations as a passage to apprehend the driving forces within international politics. The increases of traditional and non-traditional security threats and problems have made security studies vital to academics, governments, and policymakers. In addition to that, the theory of realism has been a long prevailing paradigm in international security studies. Moreover, realism is more than a single

Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-five Free Essays

string(33) " thought out of my head for now\." WE COULD ALREADY HEAR footsteps thundering through the house and knew we were seconds from the army downstairs heading up to the second floor. The three of us backed away, and to my surprise, it was Sydney who reacted first. â€Å"Get out. We will write a custom essay sample on Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-five or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’ll distract them.’ Her distracting them would probably just mean momentarily blocking their way until they pushed her aside, but those extra seconds could make a huge difference. Still, I couldn’t stand the thought of abandoning her. Dimitri had no such reservations, particularly when we heard feet on the stairs. â€Å"Come on!’ he shouted, grabbing hold of my arm. We raced down the hall to the farthest bedroom, Victor and Robert’s. Just before we entered, I yelled back to Sydney, â€Å"Get Jill to Court!’ I don’t know if she heard because by the sounds of it, the guardians had reached her. Dimitri immediately opened the room’s one large window and looked at me knowingly. As always, we needed no vocal communication. He jumped out first, no doubt wanting to take the full brunt of whatever danger waited below. I immediately followed. I dropped onto the first floor’s roof, slid down it, and then made the longer drop to the ground. Dimitri caught my arm, steadying my landing–but not before one of my ankles twisted slightly in on itself. It was the same one that had taken the brunt of the fall outside Donovan’s, and I winced as pain shot through me, pain I then promptly ignored. Dark figures moved toward us, emerging from evening shadows and hidden spots around the backyard. Of course. Guardians wouldn’t just come busting down a door. They’d also have the place staked out. With our natural rhythm, Dimitri and I fought back-to-back against our attackers. Like usual, it was hard to incapacitate our foes without killing them. Hard, but necessary if we could manage it. I didn’t want to kill my own people, people who were just doing their job to apprehend fugitives. The long dress didn’t do me any favors either. My legs kept getting caught in the fabric. â€Å"The others will be out any minute,’ Dimitri grunted, slamming a guardian to the ground. â€Å"We need to move–there. That gate.’ I couldn’t respond but followed his lead as we made our way to a door in the fence while still defending ourselves. We’d just taken out the backyard squad when more spilled from the house. We slipped through the gate, emerging onto a quiet side road flanking the Mastrano house, and ran. It soon became clear, however, that I couldn’t keep up with Dimitri. My mind could ignore the pain, but my body couldn’t make my injured ankle work properly. Without missing a beat, Dimitri slid his arm around me, helping me run and take the weight off the ankle. We turned off the road, cutting through yards that would make it more difficult–but not impossible–for them to track us. â€Å"We can’t outrun them,’ I said. â€Å"I’m slowing us down. You need to–‘ â€Å"Do not say leave you,’ he interrupted. â€Å"We’re doing this together.’ Snick, snick. A flowerpot near us suddenly exploded into a pile of dirt and clay. â€Å"They’re shooting at us,’ I said incredulously. â€Å"They’re actually shooting at us!’ With so much hand-to-hand training, I always felt like guns were cheating. But when it came to hunting down a queen-killing murderer and her accomplice? Honor wasn’t the issue. Results were. Another bullet zinged by, dangerously close. â€Å"With a silencer,’ said Dimitri. â€Å"Even so, they’ll be cautious. They don’t want the neighborhood thinking it’s under attack. We need cover. Fast.’ We might’ve been literally dodging bullets, but my ankle wouldn’t last much longer. He made another sharp turn, completely immersing us in suburban backyards. I couldn’t look behind us, but I heard shouting voices that let me know we weren’t free yet. â€Å"There,’ said Dimitri. Ahead of us was a dark house with a large glass patio reminiscent of Sonya’s. The glass door was open, though a screen blocked the way inside. Dimitri tugged on its latch. Locked. But a screen was hardly a deterrent for us. Poor, trusting family. He took out his stake and slashed a long, vertical line that we hastily slipped through. Immediately, he jerked me to the side, out of view. He put a finger to his lips, holding me close to his body, shattering me in his warmth. Seconds later, we saw guardians coming through and searching the yards. Some kept moving on in case we’d run farther. Others lingered, investigating places that made good hiding spots as the evening grew darker and darker. I glanced at the screen. The cut had been clean, not an obvious hole, but it was still something our pursuers might notice. Sensing this as well, Dimitri carefully moved off into the living room, doing his best to avoid windows and keep out of sight. We cut through to the kitchen and found a door leading to the garage. In the garage was a red Ford Mustang. â€Å"Two car family,’ he murmured. â€Å"I was hoping for that.’ â€Å"Or they’re out for a walk and about to come home when they notice a SWAT team in their neighborhood,’ I whispered. â€Å"The guardians won’t let themselves be seen.’ We began searching for obvious key locations. At last, I found a set hanging on the side of a cupboard and scooped them up. â€Å"Got â€Å"em,’ I said. Since I had the keys, I think Dimitri actually would have let me jump into the driver’s seat. Thanks to my right ankle, however, I had to toss him the keys. The universe had a sick sense of humor. â€Å"Will they spot us in this?’ I asked, as Dimitri opened the garage door and backed out. â€Å"It’s, uh, a bit flashier than our usual stolen car profile.’ It was also awesome. Sydney, car geek that she was, would have loved it. I bit my lip, still guilty that we’d left her behind. I tried to push the thought out of my head for now. You read "Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-five" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"It is,’ agreed Dimitri. â€Å"But other cars will be driving down the street. Some guardians will still be searching the yards, and some will be guarding the Mastranos. They don’t have infinite numbers. They can’t watch everything at once, though they’ll certainly try.’ I held my breath anyway as we drove out of the subdivision. Twice, I thought I spotted stealthy figures by the side of the road, but Dimitri was right: they couldn’t check every car in a busy suburban neighborhood. The darkness also obscured our faces. Dimitri remembered the way we’d driven in because a few turns later, we were merging onto the freeway. I knew he had no destination in mind, except foraway. With no obvious indications that we’d been followed, I shifted my body and stretched out my throbbing leg. My chest had that light, nebulous feeling you got when too much adrenaline was pumping through you. â€Å"They turned us in, didn’t they?’ I asked. â€Å"Victor and Robert called us in and then took off. I should have kept watch.’ â€Å"I don’t know,’ Dimitri said. â€Å"It’s possible. I saw them just before I talked to you, and everything seemed fine. They wanted to go with us to find Jill, but they knew it was only a matter of time before we turned them over to the authorities. I’m not surprised they came up with an escape plan. They could have used the feeding as a distraction to call the guardians and get rid of us.’ â€Å"Crap.’ I sighed and pushed my hair back, wishing I had a ponytail holder. â€Å"We should’ve gotten rid of them when we had the chance. What’ll happen now?’ Dimitri was silent for a few seconds. â€Å"The Mastranos will be questioned †¦ extensively. Well, all of them will, really. They’ll lock Sonya up for investigation, like me, and Sydney will be shipped back to the Alchemists.’ â€Å"And what will they do to her?’ â€Å"I don’t know. But I’m guessing her helping vampire fugitives won’t go over well with her superiors.’ â€Å"Crap,’ I repeated. Everything had fallen apart. â€Å"And what are we going to do?’ â€Å"Put some distance between us and those guardians. Hide somewhere. Wrap up your ankle.’ I gave him a sidelong look. â€Å"Wow. You’ve got everything planned out.’ â€Å"Not really,’ he said, a small frown on his face. â€Å"That’s the easy stuff. What happens after that is going to be the hard part.’ My heart sank. He was right. Provided the Mastranos weren’t indicted by Moroi authorities for helping criminals, Emily now had no one forcing her to acknowledge Jill’s heritage. If Sydney was being hauled back to her own people–well. She couldn’t help either. I was going to have to tell someone else, I realized. The next time I made contact with Adrian, I’d have to divulge the truth so that my friends could do something about Jill. We couldn’t sit on this secret any longer. Dimitri took the next exit, and I tuned back into the world. â€Å"Hotel?’ I asked. â€Å"Not quite,’ he said. We were in a busy, commercial area, not far from Ann Arbor, I thought. One of the Detroit suburbs. Restaurants and stores lined the road, and he turned us toward a twenty-four-hour superstore that promised to carry â€Å"everything.’ He parked and opened his door. â€Å"Stay here.’ â€Å"But–‘ Dimitri looked meaningfully at me, and I glanced down. I’d come away from our fight more scuffed up than I realized, and the dress had torn. My ragged appearance would attract attention, as would my limping. I nodded, and he left. I spent the time turning over our problems, cursing myself for not having found a way to turn in the brothers once Robert had restored Sonya. I’d been bracing myself for betrayal in the form of some magical attack. I hadn’t expected something as simple as a call to the guardians. Dimitri, ever the efficient shopper, returned soon with two large bags and something slung over his shoulder. He tossed it all in the backseat, and I peered back curiously. â€Å"What’s that?’ It was long and cylindrical, covered in canvas. â€Å"A tent.’ â€Å"Why are we–‘ I groaned. â€Å"No hotel, huh?’ â€Å"We’ll be harder to find at a campground. The car will especially be harder to find. We can’t get rid of it quite yet, not with your foot.’ â€Å"Those poor people,’ I said. â€Å"I hope their car insurance covers theft.’ Back on the freeway, we soon left the urban sprawl, and it wasn’t long before we saw advertisements for campgrounds and RV parks. Dimitri pulled over at a place called Peaceful Pines. He negotiated with the man working in the office and produced a number of crisp bills. That was another reason we couldn’t get a hotel, I realized. Most required credit cards, and Sydney had had all those (in fake names, of course). We were living off cash now. The clerk gave us directions along a gravel road that led to a spot on the opposite end of the campground. The place was busy with vacationing families, but no one paid much attention to us. Dimitri made sure to park as close to a cluster of trees as possible, in order to obscure the car and its plates. Despite my protests, he wouldn’t let me help with the tent. He claimed he could do it faster without me and that I should stay off my feet. I started to argue until he began assembling the tent. My jaw dropped a little as I watched how quickly he put it together. He didn’t even need the directions. It had to be some kind of record. The tent was small and sturdy, giving us both room to sit and lie, though he had to hunch just a little when we were sitting. Once inside, I got to see the rest of his purchases. A lot of it was first aid. There was also a flashlight he propped up, a kind of makeshift lamp. â€Å"Let me see the ankle,’ he ordered. I stretched out my leg, and he pushed my dress’s skirt up to my knee, fingers light against my skin. I shivered as a sense of deja vu swept me. It seemed to be happening to me a lot lately. I thought back to all the times he had helped me with other injuries. We could have been right back in St. Vladimir’s gym. He gently tested the ankle’s mobility and did a little poking and prodding. His fingers never ceased to amaze me. They could break a man’s neck, bandage a wound, and slide sensually across bare skin. â€Å"I don’t think it’s broken,’ he said at last. He lifted his hands, and I noticed how warm I’d been while he touched me. â€Å"Just sprained.’ â€Å"That kind of thing happens when you keep jumping off roofs,’ I said. Jokes were my old standby to hide discomfort. â€Å"You know, we never practiced that in our training.’ He smiled and took out bandaging material, wrapping the ankle until it was supported and stabilized. After that, he produced– â€Å"A bag of frozen peas?’ Dimitri shrugged and rested the bag on my ankle. The coolness instantly made me feel better. â€Å"Easier than buying a full bag of ice.’ â€Å"You’re pretty resourceful, Belikov. What else do you have stashed away?’ The rest of the bags’ contents turned out to be blankets and some food. I gave him a big grin when I saw he’d gotten me sour cream potato chips and a bar of chocolate. I loved that he remembered such little details about me. My smile faded when another problem quickly popped up. â€Å"You didn’t buy any clothes, did you?’ â€Å"Clothes?’ he asked, like it was a foreign word. I gestured to my torn dress. â€Å"I can’t wear this for long. What am I going to do? Make a toga out of a blanket? You’re such a guy, never thinking of this stuff.’ â€Å"I was thinking of injury and survival. Fresh clothing’s a luxury, not a necessity.’ â€Å"Not even your duster?’ I asked slyly. Dimitri froze for a moment and then swore. He’d had no need to wear his coat indoors at the Mastranos’–honestly, he didn’t need to outside either–and had left it there in the ensuing fight. â€Å"Don’t worry, comrade,’ I teased. â€Å"Plenty more where that came from.’ He spread blankets over the tent’s floor and laid back on them. There was a look of woe on his face that was almost comical. Raids, bullets, criminals †¦ no problem. A missing duster? Crisis. â€Å"We’ll get you another one,’ I said. â€Å"You know, once we find Jill, clear my name, and save the world.’ â€Å"Just those things, huh?’ he asked, making both of us laugh. But when I stretched myself out beside him, both our faces sobered. â€Å"What are we going to do?’ I asked. Tonight’s most popular question. â€Å"Sleep,’ he said, clicking off the flashlight. â€Å"Tomorrow we’ll get a hold of Abe or Tasha or †¦ someone. We’ll let them handle it and get Jill where she needs to be.’ I was surprised how small my voice sounded when I spoke. â€Å"I feel like we failed. I was so happy back there. I thought we’d done the impossible, but it was for nothing. All this work for nothing.’ â€Å"Nothing?’ he asked in astonishment. â€Å"What we did †¦ this is huge. You found Lissa’s sister. Another Dragomir. I don’t think you still really understand the weight of that. We had almost nothing to go on, yet you pushed forward and made it happen.’ â€Å"And I lost Victor Dashkov. Again.’ â€Å"Well, the thing about him is that he doesn’t stay hidden for long. He’s one of those people who always has to be in control. He’ll have to make a move eventually and when he does–we’ll get him.’ The smile returned to my lips, though I knew he couldn’t see it. â€Å"And I thought I was the optimistic one here.’ â€Å"It’s contagious,’ he replied. Then, to my surprise, his hand found mine in the dark. He laced our fingers together. â€Å"You did good, Roza. Very good. Now sleep.’ We touched in no other way, but his hand held all the warmth in the world. This was hardly a perfect moment, like in the library, but our familiar connection and the understanding between us burned brighter than ever, and it felt good. Right. Natural. I didn’t want to sleep. I just wanted to stay there and savor being with him. It wasn’t cheating, I decided, thinking of Adrian. It was just enjoying this closeness. Still, sleep was essential. We worked out a schedule where each of us took shifts. He would stay awake now while I rested, and I had a feeling if I didn’t sleep, he wouldn’t either when the shift change came. I closed my eyes, and it wasn’t my heart I had to slow down this time. It was my mind, the hamster wheel that went nowhere trying to figure out what to do next. Just get Jill to Court. Just get Jill to Court. That was all that mattered. We’d contact someone who could reach Jill. Dimitri and I would lie low, everything would soon fix itself†¦. â€Å"Thank God.’ I spun around, not even realizing I’d fallen into a spirit dream. I was back in Sonya’s garden with all its sunshine and color, and she sat back in a chair, looking expectant. â€Å"I was afraid you’d be up all night, watching your back,’ she continued. â€Å"I would if I had my choice,’ I replied, strolling over to her. She wasn’t quite whom I’d expected to see in my dreams, but at least I’d made contact with the outside world. I wore the black-and-white dress here, but unlike reality, it was clean and intact. â€Å"Dimitri thinks we’re in a secure location–though he’s awake, of course.’ â€Å"Of course.’ There was a glimmer of amusement in her eyes, but it was brief. â€Å"Where are you?’ I asked. â€Å"Did the guardians put you in holding?’ â€Å"They didn’t get me,’ she said smugly. â€Å"You were their priority, and a little compulsion made sure they didn’t see me. I took off †¦ I hated to leave Emily, though.’ I empathized but was too excited at Sonya’s escape. Good news, finally. â€Å"But you can get Jill to Court. You’re free.’ Sonya looked at me as those I’d just spoken French. â€Å"I can’t get to Jill.’ I frowned. â€Å"Is she under that much security?’ â€Å"Rose,’ said Sonya. â€Å"Jill isn’t with the guardians at all. Victor and Robert took her.’ How to cite Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-five, Essay examples

Terrorism Preventing Future Attacks free essay sample

This paper looks at two newspaper articles that discuss terrorism, and how they relate to the attack on the World Trade Center. This paper provides a critical analysis of two articles printed on the subject of prevention of future terrorist attacks, in the New York Times and the St. Louis Dispatch. The author discusses the effects of the media, and their methods of reporting, focusing on the events of September 11, and prevention of terrorism. If we desire to analyze a current issue being represented in the media the one that comes to mind is the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center , (WTC) NY. The terrorist attacks that slammed two jet planes into the WTC and killed more than 5000 people and shook the nations around the world is the event some say of the century. But as the shock wears off and nations determine how to put forward a long-term strategy that will control terrorism the media becomes divided. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism: Preventing Future Attacks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Playing the role of a forum the media around the world is the integral factor in the presentation of the informationfor that is what will determine public opinion.. How to prevent future attacks like that of the WTC is being presented in two aspects. We will study through an analysis of two media articles; one in the Times and the other, The St. Louis Dispatch the strategy, which will be most effective in combating terrorism..

John Locke - Seperation Of Powers Essays - Montesquieu,

John Locke - Seperation of Powers Separation of Powers Separation of powers is the act of separating of responsibilities of the three branches of the government. The idea of this separation is not a new one either. John Locke originally talked about it. He stated that the legislative power should be divided between the King and Parliament in England. Another man also spoke about this separation, the French writer Montesquieu, who wrote about it in 1748 in his book De lesprit des lois. His point was that liberty is most effective if it is safeguarded by the separation of powers. He highly promoted liberty. As in the Encyclopedia Britannica, it stated that Montesquieu felt that liberty is most highly promoted when there are three branches of government acting independently of each other. Although his model for the three-branch government was for England, it became more important to the United States. His work was most notably shown in America when the Constitution was being created. Finally, Alexander Hamilton raised his point on separati on of powers in the series of essays called The Federalist. The Encyclopedia Encarta said that he wrote this with James Madison and John Jay and that there were 85 essays all together. They were written about how they wanted the new government to run. It was their view as to how each major department in the new central government should run. More specifically, they stated how the three branches of government should run and expounded the idea of judicial review. The way that the power is separated in the United States was that the legislative branch makes the laws, the executive branch executes the laws and the judicial branch interprets the laws. However, as our book and the Encyclopedia Britannica both state, the executive branch in the United States has gained a lot more power. They both claim this because of numerous changes in social and economic life. The idea of checks and balances is closely related to the idea of separation of powers. Checks and balances is the idea that each branch of the government has ways to make sure that each other branch does not gain too much power. Instead, each branch is encouraged to share power with the other. Again, our book and the Encyclopedia Britannica both say that the way that this works is that the courts have judicial review, which is the power of the courts to examine both the executive and legislative branches to make sure that they are doing, is constitutional. Congress has the power to impeach people from both the judicial and executive branches. Plus they have the power to appropriate funds. Finally, the executive branch has the power to veto bills passed by Congress. However, this can be overridden by a 2/3-majority vote in Congress. However, a new concept helps the President, he can line item veto, which means he can blank out certain parts of the bill so it does not have to totally written. The idea of separation of powers is what separates us from Great Britain in the way we run our democracy. In England, the legislative executive branches are integrated. This idea is reinforced with the idea that they should be in constant agreement. It is pretty obvious that they are not in constant agreement here. This can happen because Congress may have a republican majority yet the president and his cabinet may be democratic. The idea is separation of powers is even related to Federalism as a whole. According to the Grolier Encyclopedia, federalism is directly related to the separation of powers. However, it is related to the separation between the state and national government. It said that each level of government is autonomous from the other. Also, neither is dependent on the other for legislation, taxes or administration. The idea of separation of powers has been around for a long time. Our newly founded government decided to use it as a base when writing the Constitution. Its main ideas are related to other aspects of our government such as checks and balances. Its ideals have changed a little bit because now the executive branch has a bit more power, but for the most part it has stayed intact. This concept also

How to Use Instagram Stories the Best Way for Successful Campaigns

How to Use Instagram Stories the Best Way for Successful Campaigns Instagram is nowadays one of the best social media networks for marketers and advertisers. It has over  800 million users  with 500 million users active on a daily basis. We are talking about an audience wider than that of Twitter and Snapchat combined, an audience that grows with approximately 100 million users each month. Moreover, more than  70% of the total number of US Businesses  is already using this platform as their main marketing social media platform. As a consequence, 7 out of 10 hashtags are already branded. What’s great about Instagram is that the platform is also one of the best channels for a great return on investment. According to HootSuite, Instagram drives in an  engagement rate of 4.21%,  which is 120 times higher than what a marketer can achieve on Twitter and 58 times higher than Facebook. Successful apps and tools are, however, successful because they do not stagnate. Evolution is mandatory and the same thing happens with Instagram. In order to convince your users not to abandon you and spend increasingly more time on your platform, you need to come up with something new once in a while. In this case, that new and interesting thing was Facebook Stories, a featured that immediately caught on and became more popular than expected in a short span of time. Tip: Did you know you can manage all your social media marketing (and more) on one calendar with ? Table of Contents: What Are Instagram Stories? Why Include Instagram Stories in Your Marketing Strategy? What Are the Correct Dimensions for Instagram Stories? How Long Are Instagram Stories? How to Use Instagram Stories as Your Campaigns Main Content Format Instagram Stories for Advertisers What is Instagram Stories? This post has already established the fact that Instagram is great for business. However, there are several types of marketing strategies that a marketer is able to create for this platform only. Instagram Stories constitutes a solid ground for an effective marketing strategy and during this article, I am going to describe the methods and advocate their effectiveness in the short and long run. So, what is Instagram Stories and why should a marketer include this feature in their campaigns? Well, Stories was launched last year as a clone of a similar SnapChat feature. However, it managed to quickly surpass its and competitor and get into the mainstream with over  300 million users  worldwide in 2018. How to Use Instagram Stories the Best Way for Successful Social Media Campaigns by @katairobi via...Basically, with Stories, users are allowed to share with their fans and followers, slideshows of photos and short videos that are automatically deleted after 24 hours. This form of ephemeral content is not featured on users’ profile grids and neither on the main Instagram feed. As a consequence, in order to be able to view them, you need to be connected with the company or the user who shared them in the first place. Later, a new feature was introduced, one that allows Instagram users to save their Stories and make them available to their followers for a longer period of time. Why Include Instagram Stories in Your Marketing Strategy? While all the important reasons have already been listed in the introductive section of this article, let’s add some other important data a marketer should consider before starting to include Stories in their marketing campaigns. According to  Mediakix, there are 2 times more stories posted by brands on Instagram than Snapchat. This means that marketers are already favoring Instagram as their major marketing channel and at the same time, that there’s a wider audience on it. The same source suggests that in a single month, at least 50% of the brands active on Instagram have already posted at least one story. At least 50% of the brands active on Instagram have already posted at least one story.This is not all there is. More and more marketers are becoming aware of the incredible returns of investment Instagram is able to deliver. They invest more in the platform, they produce more content. At the same time,  30% of Instagram users  admitted having already made a purchase from a brand after they first heard about it on Instagram. What Are the Correct Dimensions for Instagram Stories? Images for an Instagram Story should be 1080x1920 pixels. That means a 9:16 aspect ratio as well. While other sizes can be uploaded, they will be cropped. How Long Are Instagram Stories? They run for up to 15 seconds. They disappear after 24 hours. Instagram Stories Length: Videos up to 15 seconds. Disappear after 24 hours. How to Use Instagram Stories as Your Campaign's Main Content Format Well, first and foremost, you need a working Instagram account and a content producing strategy.   Regardless of your final goals, it’s important to start on the right foot with any of your content marketing plans and in this case, there are a few things that you need to keep in mind before actually starting to post your stories such as: Your audience. It’s important to know a thing or two about the audience you are designing your messages for. Who are them? What’s the age group that your followers are a part of? What’s their social and economic status? Your goals. What is it that you want to achieve? Is it awareness? Or, do you want to drive in more sales? Maybe you want to gain more influence or to expand your audience? Whatever your goals may be, it is important to have them clearly stated before starting to work on your campaigns. In order to get from where you are now to where you want to be, you need to know what or where your destination is. Your visual identity. Stories are a form of ephemeral content which means that you don’t need to spend as much time brainstorming for ideas and designing the best possible slides. This is what the whole idea about this Instagram feature. It allows brands and individuals to be more creative by investing less in designs and more in spontaneity and truthfulness. However, this does not mean that you should neglect your visual identity and not take it into account. If you have such elements and they are popular among your audience or very well known, do not hesitate to include them in your Stories. You may benefit a lot from the awareness that is already there. Apart from the above, you should also consider the type of content you are going to start publishing. At this point, you have several options such as: 1. Product-Based Content Online shops and product manufacturers can leverage Instagram Stories by including some of their offers between their slides. Here’s an example from â€Å"The North Face† of a clever wordplay and a simple yet effective story that encourage their fans to shop for their bags: 2. Cultural/Social-Based Content If you are not in the business of selling goods, then you will have the liberty to post anything you want. If you are selling experiences, you can tie your content to the official purpose of your business. For instance, travel blogs or travel agencies can post collages from their most important and valuable destinations. Here’s an example from  National Geographic, which shared a story about the most visited national parks: 3. User-Generated Content Depending on how big is your fan base, you can leverage them to get even more awareness by challenging them to post on your behalf. You can either ask them to send you their pictures out of which you can design the stories or, you can ask them to publish their own stories. Their inputs can include branded hashtags, photos of products, services mentions and so on. The greatest example in this case comes from Red Bull, the true king of today’s online user generated content. They’ve created a whole media company to deal with this kind of content. There are however, other great examples as well. Here’s an example from Airbnb: 4. Other Types of Content There is no limit in what your stories can feature. It depends solely on your own inspiration and creativity and perhaps, the audience you are trying to engage with. For instance, you can announce company related news such as  Ben Jerry  did in this example: Or, you can provide valuable content, as this  New York Time’s  questions and answers story featured in the next image: Tips on Driving More Engagement Instagram provides you with numerous tools that you can use in order to attract more followers and convince them to  engage with your brand. You may already know that accounts with more than 10 thousand fans can include a swipe-up slide on their stories and link back to their own web pages. Apart from this option which I am sure it will be more than beneficial for your campaigns, let’s talk a little bit about some other important options featured here: Polls. One of the easiest and yet most effective ways to drive in engagement and to increase your sales or awareness on your brand, is through polls. You can insert simple and straightforward polls within the slides of your stories and ask people questions and let them answer. A good example, in this case, comes from a cosmetics retailer, Nykaa, who presented their followers with a question and two answers which both led to a possible purchase decision. Also, you can use the polls to get valuable data from your audience and conduct a simple yet thorough market research about information that you need in order to continue your campaigns or start new ones. Geotags. There are a lot of stickers available for Instagram Stories. One of the most interesting and yet, more powerful of them is the geotag location sticker. Here’s an example of how a tagged story can look like: Mentions. You can also use influencer in getting more attention from a larger audience. They can either mention your brand or, you can let them take over your stories and give yours and their followers inside looks at some exclusive content. Here’s an example that comes from  Maybelline New York, a cosmetics brand that used Jordyn Jones as an influencer for one of their campaigns. Highlights: One of the most acclaimed updates the Stories received during 2017 was the introduction of highlights. This new option allows you to save your stories as an archive that will live on your Instagram Profile. This means that you can easily curate the content posted as stories and choose what your followers will see first when they land on your profile page. Summary: The benefits of an Instagram Stories Marketing Campaign Instagram Stories is a free marketing and engagement tool. You can invite people to visit your website via the swipe-up feature. Video stories are being featured in the explorer section. You have creative and inspirational liberty. No need to focus on the design since the content is automatically deleted after a day. You can leverage influencers and geotag your posts. You can use Stories to drive in more customers, to raise awareness or in order to engage with your fans. You can also use this feature to share company related news, to promote new products or services, to announce new featured articles or  podcast episodes. Instagram Stories for Advertisers We’ve established the fact that Instagram Stories is a great marketing tool. You can leverage it to expand your pool of fans, to raise more awareness on your brand or to drive in more engagement or sales. In short, Instagram may prove to be one of the best channels for your  business marketing strategy. Did you know that Instagram Stories can also be used as an advertising channel? Did you know that you can post ads between the slides of other people’s stories? Well, you can and as a consequence, if your budget allows it, you can try this feature as well. Why? When you publish a story your reach is as high as the number of people that follow your Instagram account.

Historical Analysis of English Language from 1821-1916 Research Paper

Historical Analysis of English Language from 1821-1916 - Research Paper Example The immigrant groups like Dutch, French and Germans settled in various parts of the nation. However, in these racial enclaves, we find that the conducting of church services was done in the community’s native language and church-affiliated and private schools used the native languages of the children as the major teaching medium (James 126). Additionally, some of the schools did not teach English language as a first language but as a second language; whereas some others used the English language as a second medium of teaching. For the purposes of appealing to the minority communities or groups, bilingual programs were also started by some public schools. The manner in which the language minority groups and languages were treated in a liberal way went on until the First World War. The focus of high school English in American schools is on basic literary, the appropriate language use for public and personal reasons, as well as the development of a gratitude for and appreciation for different kinds of literature. Every year in the English curriculum, we find that the purpose of the study plan is meant to focus on building on the skills learned previously whereas expanding the exposure of the student to the literature’s realm. The National Council of Teachers has in fact described twelve standards that must be taught in the causes of English Language Arts (Ravitch 172). ... this in consideration, below is a sample of example of the courses that an ideal English curriculum study plan in the American high schools may consist of every year of the learning course (Scarvia 47). Year 1 English one This is the introductory for the English in high school. Here students are taught the basics of the process of writing which include the constructions of thesis statements together with the writing of essays. The process also includes the study of vocabulary and grammar (Parkerson & Parkerson 122). In literature terms, students mainly closely look at the style of every author, plot and theme. Eventually students are taught about and practice public speaking and practice research skills. Year 2 English two English two continues with the building on the fundamental principles that the students learn about in English one. The focus of students here is on the expansion of their informal and forma forms of the written expression. The students work through every step of t he process of writing starting from the pre-writing to the final drafts (Parkerson & Parkerson 126). They continue with their learning about grammar and expansion of their vocabulary knowledge. In terms of literature, we find that they continue focusing on enhancing their comprehension and understanding whereas recognizing plot and theme. In addition, they also review the use of literary devices by each and every author. They are expected relay information orally and then learn more concerning the techniques of correct research. Year 3 English three With this section, the students major particularly on the American literature. In most instances, this course can be integrated with the history of America successfully. They continue working on their informal and formal forms of the written